Fact of the day

Across 31 long-running studies, women averaging one or more drinks a day and men averaging two or more had higher rates of liver cancer and liver cancer death than lighter drinkers. Their odds of dying from liver disease were also more than tripled.

Study design

Meta-analysis

Journal

Gut Liver

Evidence

well supported

⚠What it shows: About as solid as drinking evidence gets: results pooled from 31 long-running studies covering 4,899 liver cancer cases and 10,859 liver cancer deaths, with no single study driving the result. All of it came from following drinkers over time rather than testing them, so it shows a strong link, not proof of cause.Meta-analysis · Gut Liver